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This benign (non-cancerous) condition is the overgrowth of male breast tissue and is common in teenage boys and older men - although it can affect a man at any time of his life. Having gynaecomastia does not increase your chances of developing breast cancer.
Whilst commonly known in the medical world, gynaecomastia is relatively unknown and is not discussed openly in public, particularly as it is a sensitive issue for many men.
Gynaecomastia is the overgrowth of male breast tissue and can affect either one or both breasts. Symptoms can vary from a small overgrowth of breast tissue around the areola and nipple, to larger more ‘female’ looking breasts. The area can often be tender to the touch and sometimes painful, but this isn't the case for everyone.
Until puberty, the breast tissue of boys is the same as that of girls. Upon reaching their teenage years, hormone levels in the body change, affecting the development of breast tissue. While levels of oestrogen increase in both males and females during puberty, boys have much higher levels of testosterone which usually stops oestrogen from having any further affect on breast tissue. Some boys have varying levels of testosterone and when these levels are low, oestrogen can cause the breasts to grow larger and more noticeable.
Gynaecomastia can also be common in later life. As we age, we tend to have more body fat, which in turn produces more oestrogen. As men age, they will also produce less testosterone, which can cause the breasts to become larger. Many men view this change as part of the aging process, but if you are particularly concerned you should consult your GP.
Other causes of gynaecomastia can include ill health, drugs (both prescription and illegal), diet and the overuse of alcohol. In most cases, gynaecomastia will not be the only symptom or side affect and it is often not possible to pinpoint a specific cause as to why a man develops the condition.
Your GP may be able to identify gynaecomastia but they may refer you to a specialist breast clinic for tests and a definitive diagnosis.
At the breast clinic, you may have a breast examination, a mammogram and/or ultrasound scan. If these tests prove inconclusive, this could also be followed by a fine needle aspiration (FNA) and/or core biopsy.
As gynaecomastia can be a symptom of other conditions, your specialist may also want to examine your testicles, neck and abdomen.
In most cases, treatment or follow up will not be necessary. However, it is important to be vigilant and to go back to your GP if the breast becomes larger or more painful. Any treatment will aim to reduce the extra breast tissue; in some cases, you may need to be treated with hormonal drugs. This will be discussed in greater detail (including known side effects) with your specialist.
If you’ve had gynaecomastia for a long time and it hasn’t improved with treatment, surgery may be suggested as a way to reduce breast tissue. The type of operation would depend on the size of the gynaecomastia. It is important to note that surgery is only considered in rare circumstances to improve your quality of life and that gynaecomastia could still return.
Gynaecomastia can be a distressing or embarrassing experience for many, despite it being a common condition. In particular, boys going through puberty may find it embarrassing or difficult to discuss growing and/or painful breasts.
Gynaecomastia is a benign condition and does not increase your chances of breast cancer, although it is still important to be breast aware and visit your GP if you notice any changes in your breasts.